Minor in Biology

Students on Summer 2021, Fall 2021, or Spring 2022 requirements BIOLMIN

Requirements

The minor requires at least 18 credit hours, including the requirements listed below.

Foundations of Biology: Diversity, Evolution, and Ecology. One (1) course:
- BIOL-E 111 Basic Biology by Examination I
- BIOL-L 111 Foundations of Biology: Diversity, Evolution, and Ecology
BIOL-E 111 Basic Biology by Examination I
Credits
3
Prerequisites
None
Description
Credit by examination for demonstrating an understanding of basic facts and concepts of the lecture content of BIOL-L 111.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-E 111 or BIOL-L 111.
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  Spring 2025CASE NMcourse
  
  Fall 2024CASE NMcourse
BIOL-L 111 Foundations of Biology: Diversity, Evolution, and Ecology
Credits
4
Prerequisites
None
Notes
For biology and other science majors. Preference will be given to freshmen and sophomores
Description
Focus is on the processes of evolution leading to organismal diversity and adaptation, as well as basic ecological concepts.
Repeatability
Credit not given for both BIOL-E 111 and BIOL-L 111.
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  Fall 2024CASE NMcourse
Foundations of Biology: Biological Mechanisms. One (1) course:
- BIOL-E 112 Basic Biology by Examination II
- BIOL-H 111 Integrated Freshman Learning Experience I
- BIOL-L 112 Foundations of Biology: Biological Mechanisms
BIOL-E 112 Basic Biology by Examination II
Credits
3
Prerequisites
None
Description
Credit by examination for demonstrating an understanding of basic facts and concepts of the lecture content of BIOL-L 112.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of the following: BIOL-E 112, BIOL-L 100, BIOL-L 104, BIOL-L 112, or BIOL-Q 201.
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BIOL-H 111 Integrated Freshman Learning Experience I
Credits
4
Prerequisites
Permission of IFLE Director/Biology Department
Description
Intensive seminar/laboratory experience exploring the interdisciplinary nature of the modern life sciences. The course will revolve around a central question chosen by the students and will analyze how life scientists from biochemistry, cellular/molecular biology, and neuroscience might contribute to the common understanding of a fundamental problem.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-E 112, BIOL-H 111, BIOL-L 100, BIOL-L 104, BIOL-L 112, or BIOL-Q 201.
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BIOL-L 112 Foundations of Biology: Biological Mechanisms
Credits
4
Prerequisites
None
Notes
R: Previous or concurrent enrollment in CHEM-C 117, CHEM-J 117, CHEM-H 117, or CHEM-S 117
Description
Integrated picture of manner in which organisms at diverse levels of organization meet problems in maintaining and propagating life.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-E 112, BIOL-H 111, BIOL-L 100, BIOL-L 104, BIOL-L 112, BIOL-Q 201.
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Biology Laboratory. One (1) course:
- BIOL-H 112 Integrated Freshman Learning Experience II
- BIOL-L 113 Biology Laboratory
- BIOL-X 150 ASURE Biology Research Lab 1
- BIOT-X 150 ASURE Biotechnology Research Lab 1
BIOL-H 112 Integrated Freshman Learning Experience II
Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-H 111
Description
Continuation of BIOL-H 111. Intensive seminar/laboratory experience exploring the interdisciplinary nature of the modern life sciences. The course will revolve around a central question chosen by the students and will analyze how life scientists from biochemistry, cellular/molecular biology, and neuroscience might contribute to the common understanding of a fundamental problem.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-H 112 or BIOL-L 113.
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BIOL-L 113 Biology Laboratory
Credits
3
Prerequisites
None
Notes
P or C: BIOL-L 112. R: BIOL-L 111
Description
Laboratory experiments in various aspects of biology, with a focus on investigative logic and methods. Introduces aspects of cell biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology. Should not be taken during first semester of residence unless credit has been earned for both BIOL-E 111 and BIOL-E 112.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-H 112 or BIOL-L 113.
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BIOL-X 150 ASURE Biology Research Lab 1

Credits
4
Prerequisites
None
Description
First in a two-lab sequence for students in the Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Research Experience (ASURE) program. Students engage in guided research in an area related to the ongoing research of a faculty member. The specific topic of the class will vary by section and be determined by the faculty member associated with the section.

BIOT-X 150 ASURE Biotechnology Research Lab 1

Credits
3–4 credit hours
Prerequisites
None
Description
First in a two-lab sequence for students in the Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Research Experience (ASURE) program. Students engage in guided research in an area related to the ongoing research of a faculty member. The specific topic of the class will vary by section and be determined by the faculty member associated with the section.
Advanced Electives. Nine (9) credit hours:
- Lecture courses
- Courses from other College of Arts and Sciences departments
- Courses from outside the College
- Courses from other College of Arts and Sciences departments
- Courses from outside the College
ABEH-A 401 Topical Issues in Animal Behavior

Credits
1–3 credit hours
Prerequisites
None
Description
Topics related to the scientific study of animal behavior not studied extensively in other courses. Topics vary.
Repeatability
May be repeated up to 3 times with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

ANAT-A 464 Human Tissue Biology

Description
Microscopic structure of mammalian (with emphasis on human) tissues and organs.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
BIOL-B 300 Vascular Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Survey of the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants, including their morphology, classification, ecology, evolution, and economic importance.
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BIOL-B 351 Fungi

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: Junior or senior standing
Description
Morphology, life histories, classification, genetics, physiology, development, ecology, medical and economic importance of fungi.
BIOL-B 364 Summer Flowering Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
For those desiring a broad, practical knowledge of common wild and cultivated plants.
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BIOL-B 368 Ethnobotany
Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111
Description
Plants in relation to man with primary emphasis on food plants.
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BIOL-B 371 Ecological Plant Physiology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
College chemistry; and BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Description
The interrelationships among plant function and temperature, water supply, nutrient level, light quality, light quantity, gases, and other organisms.

BIOL-B 373 Mechanisms of Plant Development

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Lecture and lab explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling plant growth and development from germination to reproduction. Studies structural and functional relationships with an emphasis on how external stimuli like light, gravity, nutrition, and temperature affect gene activities and physiological processes that control growth.

BIOL-L 311 Genetics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Analysis of the mechanisms of inheritance, including developmental processes that lead to the construction of whole organisms and to the transmission to their offspring of specific genetic traits. Includes the principles of genetics and the analysis of mutations affecting development.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311.

BIOL-L 312 Cell Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Current views of the structure and function of cellular organelles and components, with emphasis on the flow of information through the cell, the metabolism that supports cellular functions, and differences among different specialized cells. Current techniques will be stressed.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 312 or BIOL-L 330.

BIOL-L 318 Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Provides a rigorous exploration of the theory of evolution--the conceptual core of biology. Topics include origins and history of life; the interplay of heredity and environment in shaping adaptations; molecular, behavioral, and social evolution; patterns of speciation, extinction, and their consequences; methods for inferring evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of the following: BIOL-L 318, BIOL-L 479, or BIOL-S 318.

BIOL-L 321 Human Immunology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and CHEM-C 101, CHEM-C 117, CHEM-H 117, CHEM-J 117, or CHEM-S 117
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312
Description
Introductory course exploring the basic components and function of the immune system, stressing mechanisms that protect humans against pathogens and also how its dysfunction can lead to autoimmune disease, allergy, and cancer.
BIOL-L 326 Biodiverse-City. The Art and Science of Green Infrastructure
Credits
3
Prerequisites
100-level Biology; or consent of instructor
Description
An interdisciplinary, place-based approach to understanding biological diversity and its relationship to flourishing human societies, and to developing associated skills and values (e.g. interdisciplinary thinking and action, stewardship).
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BIOL-L 328 Disease Ecology and Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; AND BIOL-H 111 OR BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: BIOL-L 211 AND BIOL-L 473
Description
Presents the theoretical framework of disease ecology to address special problems in disease biology, including the evolution of virulence, sexually transmitted diseases, reproduction and mate choice. Examines case studies of common infectious diseases. Combines informal lecture with discussion of key papers in the field.
BIOL-L 330 Biology of the Cell
Credits
3
Prerequisites
Any college biology course
Notes
R: College chemistry
Description
Not open to biology majors. The structure and function of animal, plant, and microbial cells, with attention to membranes and biologically important molecules. Will include the function of nerves, muscles, and the immune system.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 312 or BIOL-L 330.
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BIOL-L 331 Introduction to Human Genetics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Principles of human genetics are presented. The emphasis is on new developments in the field afforded by present-day techniques in molecular biology. Among the topics considered are sex inheritance, molecular basis of genetic diseases, oncogenesis, and immune system structure.
BIOL-L 340 Biology of Sexual Diversity
Credits
3
Prerequisites
None
Description
Introduces biological processes underlying sex-related variation in anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Includes discussions of sexual differentiation in organisms ranging from yeast to human. Addresses functional (evolutionary/ecological) and mechanistic (developmental/physiological) explanations for sexual variation.
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BIOL-L 350 Environmental Biology
Credits
3
Prerequisites
None
Notes
Not open to biology majors
Description
Interactions of human beings with other elements of the biosphere with emphasis on population, community, and ecosystem levels of ecology.
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BIOL-L 369 Heredity, Evolution, and Society
Credits
3
Prerequisites
Junior or senior standing
Notes
Not open to biology majors
Description
Basic concepts and principles of evolution, heredity, and individual development. Problems of the individual and society raised by present and future genetic knowledge and technology.
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BIOL-L 376 Biology of Birds

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
Intended for biology majors
Description
Avian systematics, distribution, evolution, ecology, and behavior, emphasis on migration and orientation, territoriality, communication, and reproductive behavior. Field trips will concentrate on identification, interpretation of behavior, and research methods.

BIOL-L 388 Digital Biology: A Survey of Topics in Bioinformatics and Genomics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Computer science and informatics applications to biology have yielded "bioinformatics," a field of study that covers a wide spectrum of data management and processing associated with large-scale, high-throughput biological data generation. This course surveys topics in the generation and analysis of biomolecular sequence data (DNA and protein) that underpin much of modern biology: genetics, ecology, evolution, population and structural biology.

BIOL-L 402 Ecosystem Ecology and Global Change

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: BIOL-L 473 and an introductory environmental science or ecology course
Description
Explains how ecosystems function and how and why ecosystems differ in their sensitivity to stress, disturbance and global change. Introduces key concepts and approaches used in the field of ecosystem ecology: ecosystem energetics; biogeochemical cycles and budgets; and the response of ecosystems to stress, disturbance and global change. Focuses on patterns and processes in aquatic, terrestrial and wetland ecosystems.

BIOL-L 410 Topical Issues in Biology

Credits
2–3 credit hours
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; BIOL-L 113; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Topics not related extensively in other courses. The topic will vary depending on the instructor and on student needs.
Repeatability
May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours.

BIOL-L 411 Advanced Gene Regulation: Transcription, Epigenetics, and Human Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines recent scientific publications in gene regulation within a variety of organisms including yeast, Drosophila, mice, and humans. Students learn about new and emerging technologies being used to measure gene expression. Students also learn about human congenital disorders and diseases caused by dysregulation of transcriptional and epigenetic control systems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 411 or MLS-M 430.

BIOL-L 412 Analysis of Cancer Research

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Analysis, inquiry, discussion, and critique of literature concerning cancer clinical trials, targeted cancer therapies, and diagnostic cancer tests. Critical thinking about cancer clinical trials, including their designs, claims and evidence, strengths and weaknesses, ethical problems, and implications.

BIOL-L 423 Brain, Behavior and Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Description
Explores a variety of topics related to the evolution of nervous systems, with a focus on vertebrate brains. Topics include comparative neuroanatomy, methods, approaches to homology, the meaning of changes in size, ecological and behavioral specializations, developmental constraints, and a consideration of how special (or not) human brains are. A basic background in neuroscience is recommended but not required.

BIOL-L 453 Sensory Ecology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
At least junior standing; or consent of instructor
Notes
P or C: BIOL-Z 460
Description
Sensory systems are the gateways to all information that animals have about their environment. They are under intense natural and sexual selection and can drive evolutionary divergence. This course focuses on these issues and how sensory systems transduce and extract environmental information. Includes visits from guest speakers in the field.

BIOL-L 472 Microbiomes: Host and Environmental Health

Credits
3
Prerequisites
At least sophomore standing
Description
We are covered with trillions of microorganisms that influence our health and well being. This course focuses on the diversity of these microorganisms but also those in nature, which together regulate the world we live in. Reading primary literature, class experiments, modeling, and group presentations.

BIOL-L 473 Ecology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111
Notes
R: BIOL-L 318
Description
Major concepts of ecology for science majors; relation of individual organisms to their environment, population ecology, structure and function of ecosystems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 473 and BIOL-L 479.

BIOL-L 479 Evolution and Ecology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Evolution and ecology for science majors. Origin of life; physical environment and the individual; population ecology and population genetics; species interactions; community organization; development, structure, and function of ecosystems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of the following: BIOL-L 318, BIOL-L 473, BIOL-L 479, or BIOL-S 318.

BIOL-L 485 Genetics, Models of Human Disease, and Critical Analysis of Biological Research

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Explores the development of genetic manipulations and techniques (e.g. epistasis to CRISPR/Cas9) to address fundamental questions of life. Students will critically read and discuss primary literature.

BIOL-L 486 Advanced Cell Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 312
Description
Critical analysis of recent advances in the understanding of molecular organization and function of cellular structures, with emphasis on eukaryotic cells. Topics include membrane organization, cytoskeleton assembly and functions, signal transduction, cell-cycle regulation, protein sorting, and vesicle trafficking.

BIOL-L 487 Molecular Mechanism of Development and Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 417
Description
Evaluation of classical and current molecular and genetic approaches to studying the development of eukaryotic organisms. Reading and discussion of molecular genetic studies of model systems that illuminate the processes underlying human development and, when disrupted, human disease.

BIOL-M 350 Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-M 250 or BIOL-M 380
Description
Explores the transformation of raw materials and energy into living microbes and the mechanisms by which microbes sense and respond to their environment. Compares and contrasts the diverse microbial lifeforms that occupy every possible niche and probe the boundaries of life. Covers microbes of relevance to disease, the environment, and biotechnology.

BIOL-M 375 Human Parasitology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and junior or senior standing; or consent of instructor
Description
Biology of human parasites focusing on their etiology, epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis, and treatment. Major groups of protozoa, helminths, and medically important arthropods covered. Lab presents both live and fixed materials complementing lecture.

BIOL-M 380 Microbiology of Infectious Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Serves as a guide to the complex subject of infectious disease. Builds on basic biological principles to examine different agents of disease, the major modes of transmission, interaction of pathogens with the host immune system, and the ecological factors facilitating or inhibiting the emergence of epidemic disease.

BIOL-M 416 Biology of AIDS

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312 and BIOL-M 430
Description
A detailed examination of the biology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), its causative agent (HIV), the immune response, and available therapies. For senior biology or biochemistry majors or beginning graduate students.
BIOL-M 430 Virology Lecture
Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
R: BIOL-L 311 and BIOL-L 312
Description
Viruses of plants, animals (including humans), and bacteria; emphasis on molecular biology of viral systems. Viruses and human disease such as cancer and AIDS; viruses and their evolution.
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BIOL-M 440 Medical Microbiology: Lecture

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and BIOL-M 250, BIOL-M 315, BIOL-M 316, or BIOL-M 380; or consent of instructor
Description
Covers microorganisms as agents of disease, host-parasite relationships, epidemiology, and chemotherapy.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-M 200 or BIOL-M 440.

BIOL-M 460 Microbial Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; or consent of instructor
Description
Nutritional, physiological, and cultural properties of the major groups of nonpathogenic bacteria and their relationships as revealed by modern taxonomic methods.

BIOL-M 480 Microbial and Molecular Genetics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; BIOL-M 250; and BIOL-M 255 or BIOL-M 315
Description
Microbes have shaped human history and biological understanding in titanic ways. Course covers ground-breaking experiments that defined essential cellular processes (replication, transcription, translation) in all living organisms, possible origins of life on Earth, microorganism adaptation and pathogen evolution, and advances in medicine, biotechnology, and scientific challenges facing mankind.

BIOL-P 451 Integrative Human Physiology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
None
Description
Intended for the junior or senior science major. Course in human physiology designed to introduce the senior undergraduate student to the function of the human body in health, disease, and extreme environments. Emphasizes how the different organ systems work to maintain homeostasis and how organ function is integrated. The content and key concepts are presented in order to provide students insight into the scientific process through problem-solving and exploration of resources. Utilizes experimental inquiry, case-based and problem-oriented methodology with students working in teams, and an emphasis on clinical application. The laboratory component is incorporated into the structure of the course.

BIOL-S 311 Genetics, Honors

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and a minimum GPA of 3.300
Description
Trains students in the classic and modern principles of heredity and their application to understanding living systems and medicine. Requires rigorous engagement with the coursework, proficiency in independent scholarship, and regular participation in class discussions.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311.

BIOL-Z 373 Entomology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Insects, with emphasis on evolution, distribution, behavior, and structure.

BIOL-Z 406 Vertebrate Zoology

Credits
5
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111 and junior or senior standing
Description
Morphology, evolution, adaptations, and general biology of vertebrates.

BIOL-Z 460 Animal Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
Junior or senior standing
Description
Introduction to the zoological study of animal behavior. Emphasizes both internal and external factors involved in the causation of species-typical behavior of animals (protozoa-primates) in their natural environment.

BIOL-Z 462 Genetics of Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
P or C: BIOL-L 311
Description
Considers whether \"behavior genes\" exist and how such genes would be identified and defined, with a focus on courtship and sex-specific behaviors. Reviews and discusses the literature that demonstrates concrete examples of how single genes can affect such behaviors.

BIOL-Z 463 Comparative Neurobiology of Animal Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and junior or senior standing
Notes
R: PSY-P 326 or PSY-P 346
Description
Addresses the intersection of two disciplines: animal behavior and neurobiology. Uses integrative and comparative approaches to understand how the nervous system controls animal behavior in natural contexts and how neural circuits evolve to generate diversity in behavior.ï»¿

BIOL-Z 466 Endocrinology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 112
Description
Mechanisms of hormone action from the molecular to the organismal level in vertebrates.

BIOL-Z 476 Biology of Fishes

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and junior or senior standing
Description
Introduces diversity of extant fishes with respect to evolutionary relationships, classification, structure, function, behavior, ecology and biogeography.

BIOT-T 310 Biotechnology Lecture

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Application of microbial diversity in biotechnology; synthesis of macromolecules; principles of gene expressions; gene cloning; protein engineering, overexpression and purification; genomics; proteomics; bioinformatics.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 301 and BIOT-T 301.

BIOT-T 322 Biotechnology Writing and Communication

Credits
3
Prerequisites
Completion of the English composition requirement; BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and one of the following: BIOT-X 150, BIOT-T 315, BIOL-L 313, BIOL-L 319, BIOL-L 323, BIOL-L 324, BIOL-M 255, BIOL-M 315, BIOL-M 360, BIOL-M 375, BIOL-M 435, BIOL-M 445, BIOL-X 150, CHEM-A 316, or CHEM-C 343
Description
Covers oral and written scientific communications as appropriate to biotechnology. Topics include figures and tables, technical talks, reading and writing scientific publications, and writing industrial-style documents, including standard operating procedures and study protocols.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 322 or BIOT-T 322.

BIOT-T 440 Structure, Function, and Regulation of Biomolecules

Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 341
Description
Survey of the structure, function, and regulation of biomolecules as related to the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. Some focus on problem solving and applications for product development.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 440 or BIOT-T 440.
CHEM-C 383 Human Biochemistry
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 341, CHEM-J 341, CHEM-S 341, or CHEM-R 340 with a grade of C- or higher
Description
Introduction to macromolecular structure, central metabolism, and chemical basis of biological information flow.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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CHEM-C 483 Biological Chemistry
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 342, CHEM-J 342, CHEM-S 342 or CHEM-R 340
Description
Introduction to structure, chemical properties, and interrelationships of biological substances.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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CHEM-C 484 Biomolecules and Catabolism
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 342, CHEM-J 342, or CHEM-S 342
Description
Structure and function of cellular components and the generation of phosphate-bond energy.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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EAS-E 341 Natural History of Coral Reefs

Description
Evolutionary history of reef ecosystems through geologic time inclusive of reef composition and global distribution, modern reef development, conservation and management practices, and the persistence of the reef ecosystem through climate change scenarios. Covers biologic, ecologic, and geologic principles as they pertain to coral reef ecosystems.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
EAS-X 377 Field Geology and Paleoanthropology at Olduvai Gorge
Credits
6
Prerequisites
Minimum 3.000 GPA and at least one course in geology, anthropology, physical geography, or related field of study; and department consent
Description
Interdisciplinary field course in geo-paleoanthropology in the Olduvai Gorge. Develops skills in the application of innovative theory and techniques in human evolutionary research. Promotes understanding of evolutionary processes, such as tectonics and climate episodes, and how these processes influence the development of savanna environments in the East African Rift Valley.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of EAS-X 377, GEOL-G 349, or GEOL-X 377.
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MLS-M 410 Protein Metabolism

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Focuses on the mechanisms and enzymes that synthesize, fold, traffic and degrade proteins. Provides a molecular and structural view of key processes such as translation, folding, membrane insertion, vesicular trafficking, post-translational modification and protein degradation. Emphasizes broader principles such as NTP switches as regulators and macromolecular interaction events; explains how cellular architecture underpins function. Describes structural and mechanistic features of protein metabolism in a cellular context.

MLS-M 420 Genome Duplication and Maintenance

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines genomic structure, DNA topology and replication mechanisms in the context of cell function for all three domains of life. Studies the pathological consequences of failure to duplicate and maintain the genome.

MLS-M 430 Advanced Gene Regulation: Transcription, Epigenetics, and Human Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Considers mechanistic, structural and regulatory aspects of the process by which information coded in DNA is transcribed into messenger and structural RNAs. Investigates the role of post-translational modification on nucleosome tails and on the RNA polymerase itself to regulate the timing and extent of transcription. Examines how regulatory marks are written and interpreted.

MLS-M 440 Membranes and Signal Transduction

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Provides a detailed introduction to membrane physiology from a structural and mechanistic perspective. Considers membranes and membrane-embedded proteins that serve as barriers and gatekeepers to regulate material flow in and out of cells and organelles, act as a capacitor to support chemical energy synthesis, and support signal transduction to respond to environmental cues.

MLS-M 450 Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Focuses on the molecular basis of genome instability, including factors that lead to tumorigenesis and tumor suppression. Studies the action mechanisms and disease relevance of key enzymes, along with available and emerging treatments for cancer.

MSCI-M 375 Parasitology

Description
Survey of the biology of human and domestic animal parasites; etiology, epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases. Major groups of protozoa, helminths and arthropod ectoparasites covered. Lab presents live and fixed specimens complementing lecture. This course meets with BIOL-M375.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 470 Mechanism of Human Disease

Description
Intensive study of selected topics of human disease and pathological processes.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 480 Molecular Biology of Cancer: Cell Signaling and Fate

Description
Introduce basic molecular, cellular and biochemical concepts of cell signaling, the mechanism by which cell fate is regulated and how mutations produce dysregulation of these functions. In addition, we will study how mutation in cell signaling and fate proteins influence physiology in the study of development of tumors, recruitment support from normal cells of the body, modulation of the immune system and metastatic spread. Also, learn how understanding the function of cell signaling and cell fate has been used to develop promising therapeutics used to treat specific cancers.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 485 Physiology of Human Disease

Description
Course will explore the scientific and social aspects of three common diseases: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Students will learn about these diseases through didactic lecture from a medical doctor. Students will observe clinics, doctors, and patients.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

PHSL-P 416 Comparative Animal Physiology

Description
How animals work. Principles of physiology via the comparative method: functioning of the respiratory, circulatory, excretory and related functions examined through examples of vertebrate and invertebrate animals that have unusual abilities or best exemplify these physiological principles.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

PHSL-P 421 Principles of Human Physiology

Description
Intended for science majors. This course offers an organ systems approach to the study of biophysical principles governing human body function. Lectures provide a broad survey of the communication and control systems of the body, defense mechanisms, transport, gas exchange, and balancing of nutrients, water and electrolytes. Problem solving skills, critical evaluation of data, explore research and resources in the study of physiology.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
PSY-P 466 Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
Credits
3
Prerequisites
PSY-P 326 or PSY-P 346
Description
Introduction to the cellular and molecular processes that give the nervous system its unique character. Covers the cell biology of neurons and glia and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Examines the genetic and molecular approaches to the biological basis for higher brain functions such as learning and memory.
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PSY-P 467 Diseases of the Nervous System

Credits
3
Prerequisites
PSY-P 466
Description
Provides insights into some of the diseases that affect the nervous system from a cellular and molecular perspective. Studies the pathological processes affecting neurons and glia that underlie their malfunction or death. Explores in depth some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and dementia. Also explores experimental approaches to uncover the molecular basis of some of the diseases.

SPEA-E 455 Limnology

Description
Limnology is the ecology of inland lakes and streams, combining the principles of biology, chemistry, geology, and physics to understand how they function. The effects of human perturbation on aquatic systems will be highlighted in both lectures and laboratory work to aid student understanding of the concepts involved.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

SPEA-E 457 Introduction to Conservation Biology

Description
Ecological principles associated with rare species and with biodiversity, laws and statutes used to conserve biodiversity, and land and species management practices. The aim is to understand scientific and political complexities of conservation biology, and to study different methods used to conserve living resources and resolve conflicts associated with conservation.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

ABEH-A 401 Topical Issues in Animal Behavior

Credits
1–3 credit hours
Prerequisites
None
Description
Topics related to the scientific study of animal behavior not studied extensively in other courses. Topics vary.
Repeatability
May be repeated up to 3 times with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

ANAT-A 464 Human Tissue Biology

Description
Microscopic structure of mammalian (with emphasis on human) tissues and organs.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

ANAT-A 487 Advanced Human Anatomy

Description
Advanced Human Anatomy is designed to provided a detailed understanding of human anatomy and variation through lectures and cadaveric dissection. Students will learn about three-dimensional relationships among structures, blood supply, innervation, and functions. They will also be asked to apply this information into real world contexts.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
BIOL-B 300 Vascular Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Survey of the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants, including their morphology, classification, ecology, evolution, and economic importance.
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BIOL-B 351 Fungi

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: Junior or senior standing
Description
Morphology, life histories, classification, genetics, physiology, development, ecology, medical and economic importance of fungi.
BIOL-B 364 Summer Flowering Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
For those desiring a broad, practical knowledge of common wild and cultivated plants.
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BIOL-B 368 Ethnobotany
Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111
Description
Plants in relation to man with primary emphasis on food plants.
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BIOL-B 371 Ecological Plant Physiology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
College chemistry; and BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Description
The interrelationships among plant function and temperature, water supply, nutrient level, light quality, light quantity, gases, and other organisms.

BIOL-B 373 Mechanisms of Plant Development

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Lecture and lab explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling plant growth and development from germination to reproduction. Studies structural and functional relationships with an emphasis on how external stimuli like light, gravity, nutrition, and temperature affect gene activities and physiological processes that control growth.

BIOL-L 312 Cell Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Current views of the structure and function of cellular organelles and components, with emphasis on the flow of information through the cell, the metabolism that supports cellular functions, and differences among different specialized cells. Current techniques will be stressed.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 312 or BIOL-L 330.

BIOL-L 321 Human Immunology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and CHEM-C 101, CHEM-C 117, CHEM-H 117, CHEM-J 117, or CHEM-S 117
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312
Description
Introductory course exploring the basic components and function of the immune system, stressing mechanisms that protect humans against pathogens and also how its dysfunction can lead to autoimmune disease, allergy, and cancer.
BIOL-L 326 Biodiverse-City. The Art and Science of Green Infrastructure
Credits
3
Prerequisites
100-level Biology; or consent of instructor
Description
An interdisciplinary, place-based approach to understanding biological diversity and its relationship to flourishing human societies, and to developing associated skills and values (e.g. interdisciplinary thinking and action, stewardship).
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BIOL-L 328 Disease Ecology and Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; AND BIOL-H 111 OR BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: BIOL-L 211 AND BIOL-L 473
Description
Presents the theoretical framework of disease ecology to address special problems in disease biology, including the evolution of virulence, sexually transmitted diseases, reproduction and mate choice. Examines case studies of common infectious diseases. Combines informal lecture with discussion of key papers in the field.

BIOL-L 331 Introduction to Human Genetics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Principles of human genetics are presented. The emphasis is on new developments in the field afforded by present-day techniques in molecular biology. Among the topics considered are sex inheritance, molecular basis of genetic diseases, oncogenesis, and immune system structure.

BIOL-L 376 Biology of Birds

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
Intended for biology majors
Description
Avian systematics, distribution, evolution, ecology, and behavior, emphasis on migration and orientation, territoriality, communication, and reproductive behavior. Field trips will concentrate on identification, interpretation of behavior, and research methods.

BIOL-L 388 Digital Biology: A Survey of Topics in Bioinformatics and Genomics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Computer science and informatics applications to biology have yielded "bioinformatics," a field of study that covers a wide spectrum of data management and processing associated with large-scale, high-throughput biological data generation. This course surveys topics in the generation and analysis of biomolecular sequence data (DNA and protein) that underpin much of modern biology: genetics, ecology, evolution, population and structural biology.

BIOL-L 402 Ecosystem Ecology and Global Change

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: BIOL-L 473 and an introductory environmental science or ecology course
Description
Explains how ecosystems function and how and why ecosystems differ in their sensitivity to stress, disturbance and global change. Introduces key concepts and approaches used in the field of ecosystem ecology: ecosystem energetics; biogeochemical cycles and budgets; and the response of ecosystems to stress, disturbance and global change. Focuses on patterns and processes in aquatic, terrestrial and wetland ecosystems.

BIOL-L 410 Topical Issues in Biology

Credits
2–3 credit hours
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; BIOL-L 113; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Topics not related extensively in other courses. The topic will vary depending on the instructor and on student needs.
Repeatability
May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours.

BIOL-L 411 Advanced Gene Regulation: Transcription, Epigenetics, and Human Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines recent scientific publications in gene regulation within a variety of organisms including yeast, Drosophila, mice, and humans. Students learn about new and emerging technologies being used to measure gene expression. Students also learn about human congenital disorders and diseases caused by dysregulation of transcriptional and epigenetic control systems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 411 or MLS-M 430.

BIOL-L 412 Analysis of Cancer Research

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Analysis, inquiry, discussion, and critique of literature concerning cancer clinical trials, targeted cancer therapies, and diagnostic cancer tests. Critical thinking about cancer clinical trials, including their designs, claims and evidence, strengths and weaknesses, ethical problems, and implications.

BIOL-L 413 Translational Medicine: From Bench to Bedside

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines human diseases and recent drug approvals. Explores how basic science leads to development of new therapies. Presents important cell biological principles linked to diseases, methods of contemporary biological research, and the logic of experimental design and interpretation through critical analysis and discussion of primary research papers.

BIOL-L 423 Brain, Behavior and Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Description
Explores a variety of topics related to the evolution of nervous systems, with a focus on vertebrate brains. Topics include comparative neuroanatomy, methods, approaches to homology, the meaning of changes in size, ecological and behavioral specializations, developmental constraints, and a consideration of how special (or not) human brains are. A basic background in neuroscience is recommended but not required.

BIOL-L 453 Sensory Ecology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
At least junior standing; or consent of instructor
Notes
P or C: BIOL-Z 460
Description
Sensory systems are the gateways to all information that animals have about their environment. They are under intense natural and sexual selection and can drive evolutionary divergence. This course focuses on these issues and how sensory systems transduce and extract environmental information. Includes visits from guest speakers in the field.

BIOL-L 472 Microbiomes: Host and Environmental Health

Credits
3
Prerequisites
At least sophomore standing
Description
We are covered with trillions of microorganisms that influence our health and well being. This course focuses on the diversity of these microorganisms but also those in nature, which together regulate the world we live in. Reading primary literature, class experiments, modeling, and group presentations.

BIOL-L 473 Ecology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111
Notes
R: BIOL-L 318
Description
Major concepts of ecology for science majors; relation of individual organisms to their environment, population ecology, structure and function of ecosystems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 473 and BIOL-L 479.

BIOL-L 479 Evolution and Ecology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Evolution and ecology for science majors. Origin of life; physical environment and the individual; population ecology and population genetics; species interactions; community organization; development, structure, and function of ecosystems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of the following: BIOL-L 318, BIOL-L 473, BIOL-L 479, or BIOL-S 318.

BIOL-L 485 Genetics, Models of Human Disease, and Critical Analysis of Biological Research

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Explores the development of genetic manipulations and techniques (e.g. epistasis to CRISPR/Cas9) to address fundamental questions of life. Students will critically read and discuss primary literature.

BIOL-L 486 Advanced Cell Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 312
Description
Critical analysis of recent advances in the understanding of molecular organization and function of cellular structures, with emphasis on eukaryotic cells. Topics include membrane organization, cytoskeleton assembly and functions, signal transduction, cell-cycle regulation, protein sorting, and vesicle trafficking.

BIOL-L 487 Molecular Mechanism of Development and Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 417
Description
Evaluation of classical and current molecular and genetic approaches to studying the development of eukaryotic organisms. Reading and discussion of molecular genetic studies of model systems that illuminate the processes underlying human development and, when disrupted, human disease.

BIOL-M 350 Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-M 250 or BIOL-M 380
Description
Explores the transformation of raw materials and energy into living microbes and the mechanisms by which microbes sense and respond to their environment. Compares and contrasts the diverse microbial lifeforms that occupy every possible niche and probe the boundaries of life. Covers microbes of relevance to disease, the environment, and biotechnology.

BIOL-M 375 Human Parasitology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and junior or senior standing; or consent of instructor
Description
Biology of human parasites focusing on their etiology, epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis, and treatment. Major groups of protozoa, helminths, and medically important arthropods covered. Lab presents both live and fixed materials complementing lecture.

BIOL-M 380 Microbiology of Infectious Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Serves as a guide to the complex subject of infectious disease. Builds on basic biological principles to examine different agents of disease, the major modes of transmission, interaction of pathogens with the host immune system, and the ecological factors facilitating or inhibiting the emergence of epidemic disease.

BIOL-M 416 Biology of AIDS

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312 and BIOL-M 430
Description
A detailed examination of the biology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), its causative agent (HIV), the immune response, and available therapies. For senior biology or biochemistry majors or beginning graduate students.
BIOL-M 430 Virology Lecture
Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
R: BIOL-L 311 and BIOL-L 312
Description
Viruses of plants, animals (including humans), and bacteria; emphasis on molecular biology of viral systems. Viruses and human disease such as cancer and AIDS; viruses and their evolution.
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BIOL-M 440 Medical Microbiology: Lecture

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and BIOL-M 250, BIOL-M 315, BIOL-M 316, or BIOL-M 380; or consent of instructor
Description
Covers microorganisms as agents of disease, host-parasite relationships, epidemiology, and chemotherapy.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-M 200 or BIOL-M 440.

BIOL-M 460 Microbial Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; or consent of instructor
Description
Nutritional, physiological, and cultural properties of the major groups of nonpathogenic bacteria and their relationships as revealed by modern taxonomic methods.

BIOL-M 480 Microbial and Molecular Genetics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; BIOL-M 250; and BIOL-M 255 or BIOL-M 315
Description
Microbes have shaped human history and biological understanding in titanic ways. Course covers ground-breaking experiments that defined essential cellular processes (replication, transcription, translation) in all living organisms, possible origins of life on Earth, microorganism adaptation and pathogen evolution, and advances in medicine, biotechnology, and scientific challenges facing mankind.

BIOL-P 451 Integrative Human Physiology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
None
Description
Intended for the junior or senior science major. Course in human physiology designed to introduce the senior undergraduate student to the function of the human body in health, disease, and extreme environments. Emphasizes how the different organ systems work to maintain homeostasis and how organ function is integrated. The content and key concepts are presented in order to provide students insight into the scientific process through problem-solving and exploration of resources. Utilizes experimental inquiry, case-based and problem-oriented methodology with students working in teams, and an emphasis on clinical application. The laboratory component is incorporated into the structure of the course.

BIOL-Z 373 Entomology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Insects, with emphasis on evolution, distribution, behavior, and structure.

BIOL-Z 406 Vertebrate Zoology

Credits
5
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111 and junior or senior standing
Description
Morphology, evolution, adaptations, and general biology of vertebrates.

BIOL-Z 460 Animal Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
Junior or senior standing
Description
Introduction to the zoological study of animal behavior. Emphasizes both internal and external factors involved in the causation of species-typical behavior of animals (protozoa-primates) in their natural environment.

BIOL-Z 462 Genetics of Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
P or C: BIOL-L 311
Description
Considers whether \"behavior genes\" exist and how such genes would be identified and defined, with a focus on courtship and sex-specific behaviors. Reviews and discusses the literature that demonstrates concrete examples of how single genes can affect such behaviors.

BIOL-Z 463 Comparative Neurobiology of Animal Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and junior or senior standing
Notes
R: PSY-P 326 or PSY-P 346
Description
Addresses the intersection of two disciplines: animal behavior and neurobiology. Uses integrative and comparative approaches to understand how the nervous system controls animal behavior in natural contexts and how neural circuits evolve to generate diversity in behavior.ï»¿

BIOL-Z 466 Endocrinology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 112
Description
Mechanisms of hormone action from the molecular to the organismal level in vertebrates.

BIOL-Z 476 Biology of Fishes

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and junior or senior standing
Description
Introduces diversity of extant fishes with respect to evolutionary relationships, classification, structure, function, behavior, ecology and biogeography.

BIOT-T 310 Biotechnology Lecture

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Application of microbial diversity in biotechnology; synthesis of macromolecules; principles of gene expressions; gene cloning; protein engineering, overexpression and purification; genomics; proteomics; bioinformatics.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 301 and BIOT-T 301.

BIOT-T 440 Structure, Function, and Regulation of Biomolecules

Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 341
Description
Survey of the structure, function, and regulation of biomolecules as related to the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. Some focus on problem solving and applications for product development.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 440 or BIOT-T 440.
CHEM-C 383 Human Biochemistry
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 341, CHEM-J 341, CHEM-S 341, or CHEM-R 340 with a grade of C- or higher
Description
Introduction to macromolecular structure, central metabolism, and chemical basis of biological information flow.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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CHEM-C 483 Biological Chemistry
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 342, CHEM-J 342, CHEM-S 342 or CHEM-R 340
Description
Introduction to structure, chemical properties, and interrelationships of biological substances.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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CHEM-C 484 Biomolecules and Catabolism
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 342, CHEM-J 342, or CHEM-S 342
Description
Structure and function of cellular components and the generation of phosphate-bond energy.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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EAS-E 341 Natural History of Coral Reefs

Description
Evolutionary history of reef ecosystems through geologic time inclusive of reef composition and global distribution, modern reef development, conservation and management practices, and the persistence of the reef ecosystem through climate change scenarios. Covers biologic, ecologic, and geologic principles as they pertain to coral reef ecosystems.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
EAS-X 377 Field Geology and Paleoanthropology at Olduvai Gorge
Credits
6
Prerequisites
Minimum 3.000 GPA and at least one course in geology, anthropology, physical geography, or related field of study; and department consent
Description
Interdisciplinary field course in geo-paleoanthropology in the Olduvai Gorge. Develops skills in the application of innovative theory and techniques in human evolutionary research. Promotes understanding of evolutionary processes, such as tectonics and climate episodes, and how these processes influence the development of savanna environments in the East African Rift Valley.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of EAS-X 377, GEOL-G 349, or GEOL-X 377.
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MLS-M 410 Protein Metabolism

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Focuses on the mechanisms and enzymes that synthesize, fold, traffic and degrade proteins. Provides a molecular and structural view of key processes such as translation, folding, membrane insertion, vesicular trafficking, post-translational modification and protein degradation. Emphasizes broader principles such as NTP switches as regulators and macromolecular interaction events; explains how cellular architecture underpins function. Describes structural and mechanistic features of protein metabolism in a cellular context.

MLS-M 420 Genome Duplication and Maintenance

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines genomic structure, DNA topology and replication mechanisms in the context of cell function for all three domains of life. Studies the pathological consequences of failure to duplicate and maintain the genome.

MLS-M 430 Advanced Gene Regulation: Transcription, Epigenetics, and Human Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Considers mechanistic, structural and regulatory aspects of the process by which information coded in DNA is transcribed into messenger and structural RNAs. Investigates the role of post-translational modification on nucleosome tails and on the RNA polymerase itself to regulate the timing and extent of transcription. Examines how regulatory marks are written and interpreted.

MLS-M 440 Membranes and Signal Transduction

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Provides a detailed introduction to membrane physiology from a structural and mechanistic perspective. Considers membranes and membrane-embedded proteins that serve as barriers and gatekeepers to regulate material flow in and out of cells and organelles, act as a capacitor to support chemical energy synthesis, and support signal transduction to respond to environmental cues.

MLS-M 450 Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Focuses on the molecular basis of genome instability, including factors that lead to tumorigenesis and tumor suppression. Studies the action mechanisms and disease relevance of key enzymes, along with available and emerging treatments for cancer.

MSCI-M 375 Parasitology

Description
Survey of the biology of human and domestic animal parasites; etiology, epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases. Major groups of protozoa, helminths and arthropod ectoparasites covered. Lab presents live and fixed specimens complementing lecture. This course meets with BIOL-M375.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 470 Mechanism of Human Disease

Description
Intensive study of selected topics of human disease and pathological processes.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 480 Molecular Biology of Cancer: Cell Signaling and Fate

Description
Introduce basic molecular, cellular and biochemical concepts of cell signaling, the mechanism by which cell fate is regulated and how mutations produce dysregulation of these functions. In addition, we will study how mutation in cell signaling and fate proteins influence physiology in the study of development of tumors, recruitment support from normal cells of the body, modulation of the immune system and metastatic spread. Also, learn how understanding the function of cell signaling and cell fate has been used to develop promising therapeutics used to treat specific cancers.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 485 Physiology of Human Disease

Description
Course will explore the scientific and social aspects of three common diseases: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Students will learn about these diseases through didactic lecture from a medical doctor. Students will observe clinics, doctors, and patients.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

PHSL-P 416 Comparative Animal Physiology

Description
How animals work. Principles of physiology via the comparative method: functioning of the respiratory, circulatory, excretory and related functions examined through examples of vertebrate and invertebrate animals that have unusual abilities or best exemplify these physiological principles.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

PHSL-P 421 Principles of Human Physiology

Description
Intended for science majors. This course offers an organ systems approach to the study of biophysical principles governing human body function. Lectures provide a broad survey of the communication and control systems of the body, defense mechanisms, transport, gas exchange, and balancing of nutrients, water and electrolytes. Problem solving skills, critical evaluation of data, explore research and resources in the study of physiology.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
PSY-P 466 Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
Credits
3
Prerequisites
PSY-P 326 or PSY-P 346
Description
Introduction to the cellular and molecular processes that give the nervous system its unique character. Covers the cell biology of neurons and glia and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Examines the genetic and molecular approaches to the biological basis for higher brain functions such as learning and memory.
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PSY-P 467 Diseases of the Nervous System

Credits
3
Prerequisites
PSY-P 466
Description
Provides insights into some of the diseases that affect the nervous system from a cellular and molecular perspective. Studies the pathological processes affecting neurons and glia that underlie their malfunction or death. Explores in depth some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and dementia. Also explores experimental approaches to uncover the molecular basis of some of the diseases.

SPEA-E 455 Limnology

Description
Limnology is the ecology of inland lakes and streams, combining the principles of biology, chemistry, geology, and physics to understand how they function. The effects of human perturbation on aquatic systems will be highlighted in both lectures and laboratory work to aid student understanding of the concepts involved.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

SPEA-E 457 Introduction to Conservation Biology

Description
Ecological principles associated with rare species and with biodiversity, laws and statutes used to conserve biodiversity, and land and species management practices. The aim is to understand scientific and political complexities of conservation biology, and to study different methods used to conserve living resources and resolve conflicts associated with conservation.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

ABEH-A 401 Topical Issues in Animal Behavior

Credits
1–3 credit hours
Prerequisites
None
Description
Topics related to the scientific study of animal behavior not studied extensively in other courses. Topics vary.
Repeatability
May be repeated up to 3 times with a different topic for a maximum of 9 credit hours.

ANAT-A 464 Human Tissue Biology

Description
Microscopic structure of mammalian (with emphasis on human) tissues and organs.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

ANAT-A 487 Advanced Human Anatomy

Description
Advanced Human Anatomy is designed to provided a detailed understanding of human anatomy and variation through lectures and cadaveric dissection. Students will learn about three-dimensional relationships among structures, blood supply, innervation, and functions. They will also be asked to apply this information into real world contexts.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
BIOL-B 300 Vascular Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Survey of the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants, including their morphology, classification, ecology, evolution, and economic importance.
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BIOL-B 351 Fungi

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: Junior or senior standing
Description
Morphology, life histories, classification, genetics, physiology, development, ecology, medical and economic importance of fungi.
BIOL-B 364 Summer Flowering Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
For those desiring a broad, practical knowledge of common wild and cultivated plants.
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BIOL-B 368 Ethnobotany
Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111
Description
Plants in relation to man with primary emphasis on food plants.
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BIOL-B 371 Ecological Plant Physiology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
College chemistry; and BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Description
The interrelationships among plant function and temperature, water supply, nutrient level, light quality, light quantity, gases, and other organisms.

BIOL-B 373 Mechanisms of Plant Development

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Lecture and lab explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling plant growth and development from germination to reproduction. Studies structural and functional relationships with an emphasis on how external stimuli like light, gravity, nutrition, and temperature affect gene activities and physiological processes that control growth.

BIOL-L 312 Cell Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Current views of the structure and function of cellular organelles and components, with emphasis on the flow of information through the cell, the metabolism that supports cellular functions, and differences among different specialized cells. Current techniques will be stressed.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 312 or BIOL-L 330.

BIOL-L 321 Human Immunology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and CHEM-C 101, CHEM-C 117, CHEM-H 117, CHEM-J 117, or CHEM-S 117
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312
Description
Introductory course exploring the basic components and function of the immune system, stressing mechanisms that protect humans against pathogens and also how its dysfunction can lead to autoimmune disease, allergy, and cancer.
BIOL-L 326 Biodiverse-City. The Art and Science of Green Infrastructure
Credits
3
Prerequisites
100-level Biology; or consent of instructor
Description
An interdisciplinary, place-based approach to understanding biological diversity and its relationship to flourishing human societies, and to developing associated skills and values (e.g. interdisciplinary thinking and action, stewardship).
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BIOL-L 328 Disease Ecology and Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; AND BIOL-H 111 OR BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: BIOL-L 211 AND BIOL-L 473
Description
Presents the theoretical framework of disease ecology to address special problems in disease biology, including the evolution of virulence, sexually transmitted diseases, reproduction and mate choice. Examines case studies of common infectious diseases. Combines informal lecture with discussion of key papers in the field.

BIOL-L 331 Introduction to Human Genetics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Principles of human genetics are presented. The emphasis is on new developments in the field afforded by present-day techniques in molecular biology. Among the topics considered are sex inheritance, molecular basis of genetic diseases, oncogenesis, and immune system structure.

BIOL-L 376 Biology of Birds

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
Intended for biology majors
Description
Avian systematics, distribution, evolution, ecology, and behavior, emphasis on migration and orientation, territoriality, communication, and reproductive behavior. Field trips will concentrate on identification, interpretation of behavior, and research methods.

BIOL-L 388 Digital Biology: A Survey of Topics in Bioinformatics and Genomics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Computer science and informatics applications to biology have yielded "bioinformatics," a field of study that covers a wide spectrum of data management and processing associated with large-scale, high-throughput biological data generation. This course surveys topics in the generation and analysis of biomolecular sequence data (DNA and protein) that underpin much of modern biology: genetics, ecology, evolution, population and structural biology.

BIOL-L 402 Ecosystem Ecology and Global Change

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
R: BIOL-L 473 and an introductory environmental science or ecology course
Description
Explains how ecosystems function and how and why ecosystems differ in their sensitivity to stress, disturbance and global change. Introduces key concepts and approaches used in the field of ecosystem ecology: ecosystem energetics; biogeochemical cycles and budgets; and the response of ecosystems to stress, disturbance and global change. Focuses on patterns and processes in aquatic, terrestrial and wetland ecosystems.

BIOL-L 410 Topical Issues in Biology

Credits
2–3 credit hours
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; BIOL-L 113; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Topics not related extensively in other courses. The topic will vary depending on the instructor and on student needs.
Repeatability
May be repeated with a different topic for a maximum of 6 credit hours.

BIOL-L 411 Advanced Gene Regulation: Transcription, Epigenetics, and Human Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines recent scientific publications in gene regulation within a variety of organisms including yeast, Drosophila, mice, and humans. Students learn about new and emerging technologies being used to measure gene expression. Students also learn about human congenital disorders and diseases caused by dysregulation of transcriptional and epigenetic control systems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 411 or MLS-M 430.

BIOL-L 412 Analysis of Cancer Research

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Analysis, inquiry, discussion, and critique of literature concerning cancer clinical trials, targeted cancer therapies, and diagnostic cancer tests. Critical thinking about cancer clinical trials, including their designs, claims and evidence, strengths and weaknesses, ethical problems, and implications.

BIOL-L 413 Translational Medicine: From Bench to Bedside

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines human diseases and recent drug approvals. Explores how basic science leads to development of new therapies. Presents important cell biological principles linked to diseases, methods of contemporary biological research, and the logic of experimental design and interpretation through critical analysis and discussion of primary research papers.

BIOL-L 423 Brain, Behavior and Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Description
Explores a variety of topics related to the evolution of nervous systems, with a focus on vertebrate brains. Topics include comparative neuroanatomy, methods, approaches to homology, the meaning of changes in size, ecological and behavioral specializations, developmental constraints, and a consideration of how special (or not) human brains are. A basic background in neuroscience is recommended but not required.

BIOL-L 453 Sensory Ecology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
At least junior standing; or consent of instructor
Notes
P or C: BIOL-Z 460
Description
Sensory systems are the gateways to all information that animals have about their environment. They are under intense natural and sexual selection and can drive evolutionary divergence. This course focuses on these issues and how sensory systems transduce and extract environmental information. Includes visits from guest speakers in the field.

BIOL-L 472 Microbiomes: Host and Environmental Health

Credits
3
Prerequisites
At least sophomore standing
Description
We are covered with trillions of microorganisms that influence our health and well being. This course focuses on the diversity of these microorganisms but also those in nature, which together regulate the world we live in. Reading primary literature, class experiments, modeling, and group presentations.

BIOL-L 473 Ecology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111
Notes
R: BIOL-L 318
Description
Major concepts of ecology for science majors; relation of individual organisms to their environment, population ecology, structure and function of ecosystems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 473 and BIOL-L 479.

BIOL-L 479 Evolution and Ecology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Evolution and ecology for science majors. Origin of life; physical environment and the individual; population ecology and population genetics; species interactions; community organization; development, structure, and function of ecosystems.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of the following: BIOL-L 318, BIOL-L 473, BIOL-L 479, or BIOL-S 318.

BIOL-L 485 Genetics, Models of Human Disease, and Critical Analysis of Biological Research

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Description
Explores the development of genetic manipulations and techniques (e.g. epistasis to CRISPR/Cas9) to address fundamental questions of life. Students will critically read and discuss primary literature.

BIOL-L 486 Advanced Cell Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 312
Description
Critical analysis of recent advances in the understanding of molecular organization and function of cellular structures, with emphasis on eukaryotic cells. Topics include membrane organization, cytoskeleton assembly and functions, signal transduction, cell-cycle regulation, protein sorting, and vesicle trafficking.

BIOL-L 487 Molecular Mechanism of Development and Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 417
Description
Evaluation of classical and current molecular and genetic approaches to studying the development of eukaryotic organisms. Reading and discussion of molecular genetic studies of model systems that illuminate the processes underlying human development and, when disrupted, human disease.

BIOL-M 350 Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-M 250 or BIOL-M 380
Description
Explores the transformation of raw materials and energy into living microbes and the mechanisms by which microbes sense and respond to their environment. Compares and contrasts the diverse microbial lifeforms that occupy every possible niche and probe the boundaries of life. Covers microbes of relevance to disease, the environment, and biotechnology.

BIOL-M 375 Human Parasitology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and junior or senior standing; or consent of instructor
Description
Biology of human parasites focusing on their etiology, epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis, and treatment. Major groups of protozoa, helminths, and medically important arthropods covered. Lab presents both live and fixed materials complementing lecture.

BIOL-M 380 Microbiology of Infectious Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Serves as a guide to the complex subject of infectious disease. Builds on basic biological principles to examine different agents of disease, the major modes of transmission, interaction of pathogens with the host immune system, and the ecological factors facilitating or inhibiting the emergence of epidemic disease.

BIOL-M 416 Biology of AIDS

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312 and BIOL-M 430
Description
A detailed examination of the biology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), its causative agent (HIV), the immune response, and available therapies. For senior biology or biochemistry majors or beginning graduate students.
BIOL-M 430 Virology Lecture
Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
R: BIOL-L 311 and BIOL-L 312
Description
Viruses of plants, animals (including humans), and bacteria; emphasis on molecular biology of viral systems. Viruses and human disease such as cancer and AIDS; viruses and their evolution.
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BIOL-M 440 Medical Microbiology: Lecture

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and BIOL-M 250, BIOL-M 315, BIOL-M 316, or BIOL-M 380; or consent of instructor
Description
Covers microorganisms as agents of disease, host-parasite relationships, epidemiology, and chemotherapy.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-M 200 or BIOL-M 440.

BIOL-M 460 Microbial Evolution

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; or consent of instructor
Description
Nutritional, physiological, and cultural properties of the major groups of nonpathogenic bacteria and their relationships as revealed by modern taxonomic methods.

BIOL-M 480 Microbial and Molecular Genetics

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; BIOL-M 250; and BIOL-M 255 or BIOL-M 315
Description
Microbes have shaped human history and biological understanding in titanic ways. Course covers ground-breaking experiments that defined essential cellular processes (replication, transcription, translation) in all living organisms, possible origins of life on Earth, microorganism adaptation and pathogen evolution, and advances in medicine, biotechnology, and scientific challenges facing mankind.

BIOL-P 451 Integrative Human Physiology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
None
Description
Intended for the junior or senior science major. Course in human physiology designed to introduce the senior undergraduate student to the function of the human body in health, disease, and extreme environments. Emphasizes how the different organ systems work to maintain homeostasis and how organ function is integrated. The content and key concepts are presented in order to provide students insight into the scientific process through problem-solving and exploration of resources. Utilizes experimental inquiry, case-based and problem-oriented methodology with students working in teams, and an emphasis on clinical application. The laboratory component is incorporated into the structure of the course.

BIOL-Z 373 Entomology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Insects, with emphasis on evolution, distribution, behavior, and structure.

BIOL-Z 406 Vertebrate Zoology

Credits
5
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111 and junior or senior standing
Description
Morphology, evolution, adaptations, and general biology of vertebrates.

BIOL-Z 460 Animal Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
Junior or senior standing
Description
Introduction to the zoological study of animal behavior. Emphasizes both internal and external factors involved in the causation of species-typical behavior of animals (protozoa-primates) in their natural environment.

BIOL-Z 462 Genetics of Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
P or C: BIOL-L 311
Description
Considers whether \"behavior genes\" exist and how such genes would be identified and defined, with a focus on courtship and sex-specific behaviors. Reviews and discusses the literature that demonstrates concrete examples of how single genes can affect such behaviors.

BIOL-Z 463 Comparative Neurobiology of Animal Behavior

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and junior or senior standing
Notes
R: PSY-P 326 or PSY-P 346
Description
Addresses the intersection of two disciplines: animal behavior and neurobiology. Uses integrative and comparative approaches to understand how the nervous system controls animal behavior in natural contexts and how neural circuits evolve to generate diversity in behavior.ï»¿

BIOL-Z 466 Endocrinology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 112
Description
Mechanisms of hormone action from the molecular to the organismal level in vertebrates.

BIOL-Z 476 Biology of Fishes

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and junior or senior standing
Description
Introduces diversity of extant fishes with respect to evolutionary relationships, classification, structure, function, behavior, ecology and biogeography.

BIOT-T 310 Biotechnology Lecture

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Application of microbial diversity in biotechnology; synthesis of macromolecules; principles of gene expressions; gene cloning; protein engineering, overexpression and purification; genomics; proteomics; bioinformatics.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 301 and BIOT-T 301.

BIOT-T 440 Structure, Function, and Regulation of Biomolecules

Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 341
Description
Survey of the structure, function, and regulation of biomolecules as related to the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. Some focus on problem solving and applications for product development.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 440 or BIOT-T 440.
CHEM-C 383 Human Biochemistry
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 341, CHEM-J 341, CHEM-S 341, or CHEM-R 340 with a grade of C- or higher
Description
Introduction to macromolecular structure, central metabolism, and chemical basis of biological information flow.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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CHEM-C 483 Biological Chemistry
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 342, CHEM-J 342, CHEM-S 342 or CHEM-R 340
Description
Introduction to structure, chemical properties, and interrelationships of biological substances.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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CHEM-C 484 Biomolecules and Catabolism
Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 342, CHEM-J 342, or CHEM-S 342
Description
Structure and function of cellular components and the generation of phosphate-bond energy.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-C 383, CHEM-C 483, or CHEM-C 484.
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EAS-E 341 Natural History of Coral Reefs

Description
Evolutionary history of reef ecosystems through geologic time inclusive of reef composition and global distribution, modern reef development, conservation and management practices, and the persistence of the reef ecosystem through climate change scenarios. Covers biologic, ecologic, and geologic principles as they pertain to coral reef ecosystems.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
EAS-X 377 Field Geology and Paleoanthropology at Olduvai Gorge
Credits
6
Prerequisites
Minimum 3.000 GPA and at least one course in geology, anthropology, physical geography, or related field of study; and department consent
Description
Interdisciplinary field course in geo-paleoanthropology in the Olduvai Gorge. Develops skills in the application of innovative theory and techniques in human evolutionary research. Promotes understanding of evolutionary processes, such as tectonics and climate episodes, and how these processes influence the development of savanna environments in the East African Rift Valley.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of EAS-X 377, GEOL-G 349, or GEOL-X 377.
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MLS-M 410 Protein Metabolism

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Focuses on the mechanisms and enzymes that synthesize, fold, traffic and degrade proteins. Provides a molecular and structural view of key processes such as translation, folding, membrane insertion, vesicular trafficking, post-translational modification and protein degradation. Emphasizes broader principles such as NTP switches as regulators and macromolecular interaction events; explains how cellular architecture underpins function. Describes structural and mechanistic features of protein metabolism in a cellular context.

MLS-M 420 Genome Duplication and Maintenance

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Examines genomic structure, DNA topology and replication mechanisms in the context of cell function for all three domains of life. Studies the pathological consequences of failure to duplicate and maintain the genome.

MLS-M 430 Advanced Gene Regulation: Transcription, Epigenetics, and Human Disease

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Considers mechanistic, structural and regulatory aspects of the process by which information coded in DNA is transcribed into messenger and structural RNAs. Investigates the role of post-translational modification on nucleosome tails and on the RNA polymerase itself to regulate the timing and extent of transcription. Examines how regulatory marks are written and interpreted.

MLS-M 440 Membranes and Signal Transduction

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Provides a detailed introduction to membrane physiology from a structural and mechanistic perspective. Considers membranes and membrane-embedded proteins that serve as barriers and gatekeepers to regulate material flow in and out of cells and organelles, act as a capacitor to support chemical energy synthesis, and support signal transduction to respond to environmental cues.

MLS-M 450 Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Focuses on the molecular basis of genome instability, including factors that lead to tumorigenesis and tumor suppression. Studies the action mechanisms and disease relevance of key enzymes, along with available and emerging treatments for cancer.

MSCI-M 375 Parasitology

Description
Survey of the biology of human and domestic animal parasites; etiology, epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases. Major groups of protozoa, helminths and arthropod ectoparasites covered. Lab presents live and fixed specimens complementing lecture. This course meets with BIOL-M375.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 470 Mechanism of Human Disease

Description
Intensive study of selected topics of human disease and pathological processes.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 480 Molecular Biology of Cancer: Cell Signaling and Fate

Description
Introduce basic molecular, cellular and biochemical concepts of cell signaling, the mechanism by which cell fate is regulated and how mutations produce dysregulation of these functions. In addition, we will study how mutation in cell signaling and fate proteins influence physiology in the study of development of tumors, recruitment support from normal cells of the body, modulation of the immune system and metastatic spread. Also, learn how understanding the function of cell signaling and cell fate has been used to develop promising therapeutics used to treat specific cancers.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

MSCI-M 485 Physiology of Human Disease

Description
Course will explore the scientific and social aspects of three common diseases: diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Students will learn about these diseases through didactic lecture from a medical doctor. Students will observe clinics, doctors, and patients.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

PHSL-P 416 Comparative Animal Physiology

Description
How animals work. Principles of physiology via the comparative method: functioning of the respiratory, circulatory, excretory and related functions examined through examples of vertebrate and invertebrate animals that have unusual abilities or best exemplify these physiological principles.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

PHSL-P 421 Principles of Human Physiology

Description
Intended for science majors. This course offers an organ systems approach to the study of biophysical principles governing human body function. Lectures provide a broad survey of the communication and control systems of the body, defense mechanisms, transport, gas exchange, and balancing of nutrients, water and electrolytes. Problem solving skills, critical evaluation of data, explore research and resources in the study of physiology.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
PSY-P 466 Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
Credits
3
Prerequisites
PSY-P 326 or PSY-P 346
Description
Introduction to the cellular and molecular processes that give the nervous system its unique character. Covers the cell biology of neurons and glia and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Examines the genetic and molecular approaches to the biological basis for higher brain functions such as learning and memory.
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PSY-P 467 Diseases of the Nervous System

Credits
3
Prerequisites
PSY-P 466
Description
Provides insights into some of the diseases that affect the nervous system from a cellular and molecular perspective. Studies the pathological processes affecting neurons and glia that underlie their malfunction or death. Explores in depth some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and dementia. Also explores experimental approaches to uncover the molecular basis of some of the diseases.

SPEA-E 455 Limnology

Description
Limnology is the ecology of inland lakes and streams, combining the principles of biology, chemistry, geology, and physics to understand how they function. The effects of human perturbation on aquatic systems will be highlighted in both lectures and laboratory work to aid student understanding of the concepts involved.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

SPEA-E 457 Introduction to Conservation Biology

Description
Ecological principles associated with rare species and with biodiversity, laws and statutes used to conserve biodiversity, and land and species management practices. The aim is to understand scientific and political complexities of conservation biology, and to study different methods used to conserve living resources and resolve conflicts associated with conservation.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

ABEH-A 350 Animal Behavior Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
ABEH-A101 or BIOL-Z460
Description
Teaches how to observe, quantify, and manipulate animal behavior in a laboratory setting. Practices fundamental experimental techniques used in ethological research.

ANAT-A 464 Human Tissue Biology

Description
Microscopic structure of mammalian (with emphasis on human) tissues and organs.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

ANAT-A 487 Advanced Human Anatomy

Description
Advanced Human Anatomy is designed to provided a detailed understanding of human anatomy and variation through lectures and cadaveric dissection. Students will learn about three-dimensional relationships among structures, blood supply, innervation, and functions. They will also be asked to apply this information into real world contexts.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
BIOL-B 300 Vascular Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Survey of the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants, including their morphology, classification, ecology, evolution, and economic importance.
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BIOL-B 352 Fungi: Laboratory

Credits
2
Prerequisites
None
Description
Laboratory and field studies of fungi and their activities.
BIOL-B 364 Summer Flowering Plants
Credits
4
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
For those desiring a broad, practical knowledge of common wild and cultivated plants.
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BIOL-B 373 Mechanisms of Plant Development

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Lecture and lab explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling plant growth and development from germination to reproduction. Studies structural and functional relationships with an emphasis on how external stimuli like light, gravity, nutrition, and temperature affect gene activities and physiological processes that control growth.

BIOL-L 313 Cell Biology Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 113; and one of BIOL-L 211, BIOL-S 211, or CHEM-C 342
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312, CHEM-C 484
Description
Theory and techniques of experimental cell physiology. Enzyme purification using spectrophotometry, ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography, gel electrophoresis. Respiration and photosynthesis analyzed by cell fractionation, oxygen electrode, and radioactive tracer techniques.

BIOL-L 319 Genetics Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
P or C: BIOL-L 311
Description
Experiments with plants, animals, bacteria, and viruses demonstrating fundamental genetic mechanisms.

BIOL-L 323 Molecular Biology Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211
Description
Manipulation and analysis of genes and genomes. Gene cloning and library screening. Gene amplification and disease diagnosis. Gene mapping and Southern blot analysis of complex genome structure.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 323 or BIOL-L 324.

BIOL-L 324 Human Molecular Biology Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211
Description
Covers theory and molecular biology techniques used to study the human genome and human genes. Labs include isolation of DNA from cells and application of current techniques for DNA fingerprinting of macro- and microsatellites, telomere length estimation, SNP and Alu polymorphism analysis, gene expression analysis, DNA sequencing, and computer analysis.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 323 or BIOL-L 324.

BIOL-L 376 Biology of Birds

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Notes
Intended for biology majors
Description
Avian systematics, distribution, evolution, ecology, and behavior, emphasis on migration and orientation, territoriality, communication, and reproductive behavior. Field trips will concentrate on identification, interpretation of behavior, and research methods.

BIOL-L 433 Tropical Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
None
Description
Field course taught in a tropical area overseas. Topics center on ecology and evolution and may include plants and animals, their interactions in rain forests, seasonally dry forests and mangroves, cloud forests, marine biology, marine/land interface, coral physiology, and reef development. Requires detailed field journal and other projects on areas visited.

BIOL-L 465 Advanced Field Biology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 473 or equivalent; and consent of instructor
Description
Lectures and two to three weeks of fieldwork on various problems of ecosystem structure and dynamics. Quantitative comparisons will be made of ecosystems in several different environments.
Repeatability
May be repeated once for credit.

BIOL-L 474 Field and Laboratory Ecology

Credits
2–3 credit hours
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111
Notes
R: Previous or concurrent enrollment in BIOL-L 473
Description
Introduction to research problems and techniques in the ecology of individuals, populations, and ecosystems.

BIOL-M 315 Microbiology Laboratory

Credits
2
Prerequisites
BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112
Description
A conventional laboratory of exercises, demonstrations and discussions. The goal is to achieve proficiency in the principles and techniques necessary for the manipulation of microorganisms under aseptic conditions.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-M 255 or BIOL-M 315.

BIOL-M 316 Molecular Microbiology Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211; and one semester of college-level chemistry
Notes
P or C: BIOL-M 250
Description
Laboratory of inquiry-based projects meant to build proficiency in aseptic technique, microbial cultivation, and molecular characterization of microbes.

BIOL-M 360 Microbial Physiology Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-M 250 or BIOL-M 380
Description
Introduction to techniques for the fractionation, isolation, and purification of cellular components. Analysis of bacterial growth, enzyme purification, chromatographic analysis of proteins and other metabolites, gel electrophoresis and fermentation studies.

BIOL-M 375 Human Parasitology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111; and BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and junior or senior standing; or consent of instructor
Description
Biology of human parasites focusing on their etiology, epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis, and treatment. Major groups of protozoa, helminths, and medically important arthropods covered. Lab presents both live and fixed materials complementing lecture.

BIOL-M 435 Viral Tissue Culture Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
None
Notes
P or C: BIOL-M 430 or consent of instructor
Description
Laboratory will emphasize eukarytotic cell tissue culture and common virological assays used in research and clinical lab settings.

BIOL-M 445 Medical Microbiology: Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-M 255 or BIOL-M 315
Notes
P or C: BIOL-M 440
Description
Laboratory methods of isolation and identification of microorganisms from normal and simulated disease conditions of the human.

BIOL-M 465 Environmental Microbiology Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-M 250, BIOL-M 255, or BIOL-M 315; or consent of instructor
Description
Scientific inquiry-driven research in environmental microbiology. Focus on the diversity and function of environmental microbes and methods used to study them.

BIOL-M 485 Microbial and Molecular Genetics Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-M 250; and BIOL-M 255 or BIOL-M 315
Description
Provides insight into how science is conducted in a modern research lab. Conduct hypothesis driven molecular and genetic experiments using an attenuated medically relevant bacterial pathogen. Techniques / skills: DNA isolation, PCR, recombinant DNA techniques, gel electrophoresis, transposon mutagenesis, transformation, and quantitative bacterial culture.

BIOL-P 451 Integrative Human Physiology

Credits
4
Prerequisites
None
Description
Intended for the junior or senior science major. Course in human physiology designed to introduce the senior undergraduate student to the function of the human body in health, disease, and extreme environments. Emphasizes how the different organ systems work to maintain homeostasis and how organ function is integrated. The content and key concepts are presented in order to provide students insight into the scientific process through problem-solving and exploration of resources. Utilizes experimental inquiry, case-based and problem-oriented methodology with students working in teams, and an emphasis on clinical application. The laboratory component is incorporated into the structure of the course.
BIOL-S 211 Molecular Biology, Honors
Credits
5
Prerequisites
BIOL-H 111 or BIOL-L 112; and CHEM-C 117, CHEM-H 117, CHEM-J 117, or CHEM-S 117
Notes
R: CHEM-C 341 concurrent
Description
Covers structure and function of DNA and RNA; DNA replication, mechanisms of mutation, repair, recombination, and transposition; mechanisms and regulation of gene expression; and the genetic code, transcription, and translation. Introduces bacteriophages, plasmids, and the technology of recombinant DNA. Course will be taught at an honors level.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-S 211 or BIOL-L 211.
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  Spring 2025CASE NMcourse
  
  Fall 2024CASE NMcourse
BIOL-S 318 Evolution, Honors

Credits
4
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111 or equivalent; BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Provides a rigorous exploration of the theory of evolution--the conceptual core of biology. Topics include origins and history of life; the interplay of heredity and environment in shaping adaptations; molecular, behavioral, and social evolution; patterns of speciation, extinction, and their consequences; methods for inferring evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-L 318, BIOL-L 479, or BIOL-S 318.

BIOL-X 325 ASURE Biology Research Lab 2

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-X 150
Description
Second in a two-lab sequence for students in the Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Research Experience (ASURE) program. Students continue guided research in an area related to the ongoing research of a faculty member. The specific topic of the class will vary by section and be determined by the faculty member associated with the section.

BIOL-Z 318 Developmental Biology Laboratory

Credits
2
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 311 or BIOL-S 311
Notes
P or C: BIOL-L 317
Description
A laboratory about developing organisms, with emphasis on vertebrate embryology and organogenesis.

BIOL-Z 373 Entomology

Credits
3
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Insects, with emphasis on evolution, distribution, behavior, and structure.

BIOL-Z 375 Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory

Credits
2
Prerequisites
One introductory biology course
Description
Laboratory and field studies of invertebrates, with an emphasis on experiments with living specimens.

BIOL-Z 406 Vertebrate Zoology

Credits
5
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 111 and junior or senior standing
Description
Morphology, evolution, adaptations, and general biology of vertebrates.

BIOL-Z 469 Endocrinology Laboratory

Credits
2
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Notes
R: BIOL-L 312 and BIOL-Z 466
Description
Survey of various endocrine systems using molecular, cellular, and whole organism methodologies. Emphasis on structure, function, and regulation of endocrine glands and cells, and their roles in maintaining homeostasis within the organism.

BIOT-T 315 Biotechnology Laboratory

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOL-L 211 or BIOL-S 211
Description
Students use a problem-based approach to gene cloning; for example, cloning the gene for an industrially important enzyme, alpha-amylase from
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 315 or BIOT-T 315.

BIOT-T 415 Theory and Applications of Biotechnology Laboratory I

Credits
3
Prerequisites
BIOT-T 315, BIOL-L 319, BIOL-L 323, BIOL-L 324, BIOL-M 315, BIOL-M 435, or BIOL-M 360
Description
In-depth application of advanced laboratory techniques currently used in biotechnology. Course is divided into three modules, each emphasizing a specific discipline within biotechnology. General laboratory techniques are taught in all modules.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 415 or BIOT-T 415.

BIOT-T 425 Laboratory in Macromolecular Production, Purification, and Characterization

Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-C 341; and BIOT-T 315, BIOL-L 313, BIOL-L 319, BIOL-L 323, BIOL-L 324, BIOL-M 315, BIOL-M 360, or BIOL-M 435
Description
Develops a working knowledge of a variety of fundamental and advanced protein techniques used in industry, focusing on expression, purification, and characterization. Increases competence in quantitative analysis, data interpretation, problem-solving, scientific writing, and time management.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of BIOL-T 425 or BIOT-T 425.

BIOT-X 325 ASURE Biotechnology Research Lab 2

Credits
3–4 credit hours
Prerequisites
BIOT-X 150
Description
Second in a two-lab sequence for students in the Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Research Experience (ASURE) program. Students continue guided research in an area related to the ongoing research of a faculty member. The specific topic of the class will vary by section and be determined by the faculty member associated with the section.

CHEM-X 325 ASURE Chemistry Research Lab II

Credits
3
Prerequisites
CHEM-X 150 with a grade of C- or higher
Description
Second in a two-lab sequence for students in the Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Research Experience (ASURE) program. Students engage in guided research in teams. The research area of the class will vary by section and be determined by the faculty member associated with the section.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of CHEM-X 325, CHEM-C 343, CHEM-J 343, or CHEM-S 343.
EAS-X 377 Field Geology and Paleoanthropology at Olduvai Gorge
Credits
6
Prerequisites
Minimum 3.000 GPA and at least one course in geology, anthropology, physical geography, or related field of study; and department consent
Description
Interdisciplinary field course in geo-paleoanthropology in the Olduvai Gorge. Develops skills in the application of innovative theory and techniques in human evolutionary research. Promotes understanding of evolutionary processes, such as tectonics and climate episodes, and how these processes influence the development of savanna environments in the East African Rift Valley.
Repeatability
Credit given for only one of EAS-X 377, GEOL-G 349, or GEOL-X 377.
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  Spring 2025CASE NMcourse
  
  Fall 2024CASE NMcourse
MSCI-M 375 Parasitology

Description
Survey of the biology of human and domestic animal parasites; etiology, epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases. Major groups of protozoa, helminths and arthropod ectoparasites covered. Lab presents live and fixed specimens complementing lecture. This course meets with BIOL-M375.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.

PSY-P 473 Laboratory in Molecular Neuroscience

Credits
3–4 credit hours
Prerequisites
PSY-P 326 or PSY-P 346
Notes
R: BIOL-L 211
Description
Laboratory course designed to provide the advanced undergraduate with training in molecular techniques useful for studying the nervous system. Techniques will include PCR, subcloning, bacterial transformation, mammalian cell transfection, working with fluorescent proteins, RNA interference, Western blotting and sectioning/staining brain tissues.

SPEA-E 455 Limnology

Description
Limnology is the ecology of inland lakes and streams, combining the principles of biology, chemistry, geology, and physics to understand how they function. The effects of human perturbation on aquatic systems will be highlighted in both lectures and laboratory work to aid student understanding of the concepts involved.
Additional information
Credit hour, prerequisite, and other information cannot be displayed for this course. If this is a course outside of the College of Arts and Sciences, please see the appropriate school's bulletin for additional information.
Minor GPA, Hours, and Minimum Grade Requirements.
1. Minor GPA. A GPA of at least 2.000 for all courses taken in the minor—including those where a grade lower than C- is earned—is required.
2. Minor Minimum Grade. Except for the GPA requirement, a grade of C- or higher is required for a course to count toward a requirement in the minor.
3. Minor Upper Division Credit Hours. At least 9 credit hours in the minor must be completed at the 300–499 level.
4. Minor Residency. At least 9 credit hours in the minor must be completed in courses taken through the Indiana University Bloomington campus or an IU-administered or IU co-sponsored Overseas Study program.

Minor Area Courses

Unless otherwise noted below, the following courses are considered in the academic program and will count toward academic program requirements as appropriate:
- Any course at the 100–499 level with the BIOL subject area prefix—as well as any other subject areas that are deemed functionally equivalent
- Any course contained on the course lists for the academic program requirements at the time the course is taken—as well as any other courses that are deemed functionally equivalent—except for those listed only under Addenda Requirements
- Any course directed to a non-Addenda requirement through an approved exception

This program of study cannot be combined with the following:

Bachelor of Arts in Biology (BIOLBA)
Bachelor of Arts in Microbiology (MICRBA)
Bachelor of Science in Biology (BIOLBS)
Bachelor of Science in Microbiology (MICRBS)
[Name unavailable] (BIOLTSBA)
[Name unavailable] (BIOLTSBS)
[Name unavailable] (MICRMIN)

Exceptions to and substitutions for minor requirements may be made with the approval of the unit's Director of Undergraduate Studies, subject to final approval by the College of Arts and Sciences.